Venezuelan bolivar (VES)

The Venezuelan bolívar soberano (ISO code: VES) was introduced in August 2018 as part of a monetary redenomination that removed five zeros from the former bolívar fuerte (VEF), followed by a further redenomination in 2021 that removed an additional six zeros, sometimes referred to as the bolívar digital. Issued by the Central Bank of Venezuela, it is subdivided into 100 céntimos. The currency was established to address severe hyperinflation, operating under central bank exchange adjustments alongside increasing reliance on foreign currencies for domestic transactions.